THE HISTORY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Introduction
This is defined as a discipline that
involves a set of sciences, technological theories and techniques,
probabilities, computation neurobiology, and computer science that aims to
imitate the cognitive abilities of a human being.
OBJECTIVES
- To understand the growth
patterns of the Artificial intelligence models from the first patent to
the most recent one.
- To understand the contribution
of the multiple factors that influenced the introduction and development
of Artificial Intelligence.
Artificial Intelligence as an idea
was first observed in early philosophers and inventors such as Socrates who
tried to implement human working abilities and intelligence into machines as a
way of invention. Such influence was also observed as a result of the World War
II influences by participating countries with a desire to merge the functioning
of machines and human beings. This caused a ripple effect in the world of
technology on how much more machinery could be humanized. With pioneers such as
Nobert Weiner whose aim was to unify mathematical theory and electronics and
automation as a whole theory of control and communication both in animals and
machines, John Von Neumann and Alan Turing played a vast role in the
understanding and push to research on the Artificial Intelligence during this
era. Turing described a “game of imitation” where a human being should be able
to identify whether they are talking to a man or a machine in a teletype
dialogue in his very famous article” Computing Machinery and Intelligence”(The History of Artificial Intelligence,
2017).
.The term “Artificial Intelligence” was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy of MIT( Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and together with Marvin Minsky, he defined Artificial Intelligence as “the construction of computer programs that engage in tasks that are currently more satisfactory performed by human beings because they require high-level mental processes such as perceptual learning, memory organization and critical reasoning”. Computers during this period experienced a rise and fall due to the complexity of understanding the functions and language used. This, however, did not stop the continuous growth observed in this field. During this period, improvements were made and notable inventions were seen such as Newell and Simon’s General Problem Solver and Joseph Welzenbaum’s ELIZA which all showed problem-solving and the interpretation of spoken language respectively. Between the years of 1980-1990, the advent of the manufacture and use of microprocessors at the end of 1970 was experienced and this started off the golden age of the expert systems. This period marked a huge milestone as Deep Blue- IBM’s expert AI system competed with a human being Gary Kasparov and defeated him in 1997.
Further inventions were made between
the years 2000-2010 which have marked the growth, resilience and expanse in
which we experience the impacts of Artificial Intelligence, both positive and
negative, in our daily lives. All this, however, was a result of the immense
support by the government and the public involved to create policies, provision
of necessary funds and a friendly environment that would enable such
innovations. This shows a trail of creativity, innovation and multiple
technological advances in the field of integrated machine learning in a bid to
create systems that are in tune with human systems, intelligence and emotions.
REFERENCES
The History of Artificial Intelligence. (2017, August 28). Science in The
News.
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